视图装饰器可用于限制对某些视图的访问,Django附带一些内置的装饰,如login_required
,require_POST
或has_permission
,它们非常有用,但有时您可能需要以不同的粒度级别限制访问,例如只允许创建模型条目的用户编辑或删除它。
一个简单的方法来解决这个问题,没有在每个函数里面添加一个if语句,就是写一个自定义的装饰器。
首先我们需要创建一个项目,名为view_decorators
:
$ django-admin startproject view_decorators
在某个项目下创建一个名为blog
的应用程序。
$ cd view_decorators/
$ python3 manage.py startapp blog
blog/models.py
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
# Create your models here.
class Article(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=255, verbose_name='标题')
create_by = models.ForeignKey(User, verbose_name='用户')
create_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_created=True, verbose_name='创建时间')
class Meta:
verbose_name = '文章'
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
def __str__(self):
return self.title
创建装饰器模块
编辑blog/decorators.py
文件中创建一个名为user_is_article_author
的装饰器
#!/use/bin/env python
# _*_ coding:utf-8 __
from django.core.exceptions import PermissionDenied
from .models import Article
def user_is_article_author(function):
def wrap(request, *args, **kwargs):
article = Article.objects.get(id=kwargs['article_id'])
if article.create_by == request.user:
return function(request, *args, **kwargs)
else:
raise PermissionDenied
wrap.__doc__ = function.__doc__
wrap.__name__ = function.__name__
return wrap
blog/views.py
from django.contrib import messages
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404, redirect
from .models import Article
from .decorators import user_is_article_author
# Create your views here.
@login_required
def index(request):
# 获取所有的文章列表
articles = Article.objects.all()
return render(request, 'index.html', {'articles': articles})
@login_required
@user_is_article_author
def remove(request, article_id):
# 如果查询不到文章,则直接抛出异常
article = get_object_or_404(Article, id=article_id)
# 删除成功之后的提示信息
message = '文章:{0},删除成功'.format(article.title)
# 删除文章
article.delete()
# 把message添加到request
messages.success(request, message)
# 转到index函数
return redirect('index')
templates/index.html
<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport"
content="width=device-width, user-scalable=no, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
<title>Document</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/materialize/0.97.8/css/materialize.min.css">
</head>
<body>
<table class="striped">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>创建用户</th>
<th>文章标题</th>
<th>创建时间</th>
<th>操作</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
\{\% for article in articles \%\}
<tr>
<td>\{\{ article.create_by \}\}</td>
<td>\{\{ article.title \}\}</td>
<td>\{\{ article.create_date \}\}</td>
<td>
<form action="\{\% url 'remove' article.id \%\}" method="post">
\{\% csrf_token \%\}
<input type="submit" value="删除" class="btn">
</form>
</td>
</tr>
\{\% endfor \%\}
</tbody>
</table>
\{\% for message in messages \%\}
<div class="card-panel teal lighten-2">\{\{ message \}\}</div>
\{\% endfor \%\}
</body>
</html>
blog/admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Article
# Register your models here.
admin.site.register(Article)
view_decorators/urls.py
from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from blog.views import index, remove
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
url(r'^blog/$', index, name='index'),
url(r'^blog/remove/(?P<article_id>\d+)/$', remove, name='remove'),
]
由于使用了@login_required
装饰器,我们还需要在settings.py
文件中定义LOGIN_URL
参数:
# 未登录的用户跳转到后台登录页面,登录成功之后再跳转回之前的页面
LOGIN_URL = '/admin/login/'
生成数据库并创建超级用户
$ python3 manage.py makemigrations
$ python3 manage.py migrate
# 创建的超级用户账号为ansheng密码为ansheng.me
$ python3 manage.py createsuperuser
打开http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/
页面,输入刚才创建好的超级管理员账号与密码,登录进去之后创建两个用户,密码随意:
退回上一级页面,添加三篇文章
我们刚才看到有三个用户,所以呢,需要创建三篇文章,每篇文章对应一个用户
打开http://127.0.0.1:8000/blog/
页面,试着删除不是其他用户的文章,看看是什么结果。