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Geth部署以太坊私链及基本操作

以太坊是一个为去中心化应用程序而生的全球开源平台。

在以太坊上，你可以通过编写代码管理数字资产、运行程序，更重要的是，这一切都不受地域限制。

Go Ethereum（Geth）是以太坊官方以Go语言编写，完全开源。

为了方便学习，我们将先在本地通过Geth部署一套以太坊，便于我们以后的学习使用。

环境

我在GCP上面开了一台2核4G内存100G硬盘的VPS用来做测试，再创建VPS的时候记得开启允许HTTP流量、允许HTTPS流量，并允许全部端口访问

$ cat /etc/lsb-release
DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu
DISTRIB_RELEASE=20.04
DISTRIB_CODENAME=focal
DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 20.04.1 LTS"

$ whoami
root

$ apt update && apt upgrade -y

$ systemctl disable firewalld

$ reboot

安装

我将在Ubuntu 20.04下面安装geth，如果你是其他平台，可以参考官方的安装指南，官方文档支持多种方式多种平台的安装

$ apt install software-properties-common vim -y
$ add-apt-repository -y ppa:ethereum/ethereum
$ apt update
$ apt install ethereum -y

查看帮助文档

$ geth --help

查看geth版本

$ geth version
Geth
Version: 1.9.22-stable
Git Commit: c71a7e26a8b1e332bbf3262d88ba3ff32071456c
Architecture: amd64
Protocol Versions: [65 64 63]
Go Version: go1.15
Operating System: linux
GOPATH=
GOROOT=go

部署

$ mkdir /usr/local/etc/geth

$ geth --datadir /usr/local/etc/geth/ account new
......
# 输入密码
Password:
Repeat password:
# 记住下面的key
Your new key was generated
Public address of the key:   0xD31F14a7C839d352FE3EBD8745a0868Be042fBEa
......

$ vim /usr/local/etc/geth/genesis.json
{
   "config":{
      "chainId":9,
      "homesteadBlock":0,
      "eip150Block":0,
      "eip155Block":0,
      "eip158Block":0,
      "byzantiumBlock":0,
      "constantinopleBlock":0,
      "petersburgBlock":0,
      "istanbulBlock":0
   },
   "alloc":{
      "0xD31F14a7C839d352FE3EBD8745a0868Be042fBEa":{
         "balance":"1000000000000000000000000"
      }
   },
   "coinbase":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
   "difficulty":"0x20000",
   "extraData":"",
   "gasLimit":"0x2fefd8",
   "nonce":"0x0000000000000042",
   "mixhash":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
   "parentHash":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
   "timestamp":"0x00"
}

参数说明

参数 说明  
config.chainId 网络ID，由于是私链，可以随便设置  
alloc 预置账号的余额  
coinbase 矿工的默认账户  
difficulty 当前区块的难度，如果难度过大，CPU挖矿就很难，这里设置较小难度  
extraData 附加信息，随便填  
gasLimit 该值设置对GAS的消耗总量限制，用来限制区块能包含的交易信息总和，因｜｜为我们是私有链，所以 最大
nonce 64位随机数，用于挖矿  
mixhash 与nonce配合用于挖矿，由上一个区块的一部分生成的hash  
parentHash 上一个区块的hash值，因为是创世块，所以这个值是0  
timestamp 设置创世块的时间戳   
$ geth --nousb --datadir /usr/local/etc/geth init /usr/local/etc/geth/genesis.json

启动


$ geth --nousb \\
       --identity "mychain1" \\
       --networkid 9 \\
       --datadir /usr/local/etc/geth \\
       --cache 2048 \\
       --allow-insecure-unlock \\
       --http \\
       --http.addr 0.0.0.0 \\
       --http.port 23456 \\
       --http.api admin,debug,web3,eth,txpool,personal,ethash,miner,net \\
       --http.corsdomain "*"

参数说明 |参数|说明| |:–|:–| |–nousb |关闭USB硬件钱包| |–identity “mychain1” |自定义节点名称| |–networkid 9 |设置networkid| |–datadir /usr/local/etc/geth |数据和密钥的数据目录| |–cache 2048 |缓存大小，单位M| |–allow-insecure-unlock |允许通过HTTP-RPC的解锁account| |–http |开启HTTP-RPC服务| |–http.addr 0.0.0.0 |HTTP-RPC服务监听的地址| |–http.port 23456 |HTTP-RPC服务监听的端口| |–http.api admin,debug,web3,eth,txpool,personal,ethash,miner,net |开启那些HTTP-RPC服务API| |--http.corsdomain "*" |允许那些域名跨域链接，可以填写域名列表，我这里写*则表示允许全部|

通过systemd管理geth进程

$ vim /etc/systemd/system/geth.service
[Unit]
Description=Geth
After=network.target nss-lookup.target
Wants=network-online.target

[Service]
Type=simple
User=root
CapabilityBoundingSet=CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE CAP_NET_RAW
NoNewPrivileges=yes

WorkingDirectory=/usr/local/etc/geth
ExecStart=/bin/sh -c '/usr/bin/geth --nousb --identity "mychain1" --networkid 9 --datadir /usr/local/etc/geth --cache 2048 --allow-insecure-unlock --http --http.addr 0.0.0.0 --http.port 23456 --http.api admin,debug,web3,eth,txpool,personal,ethash,miner,net --http.corsdomain "*" >> /usr/local/etc/geth/geth.log 2>&1'

Restart=on-failure
RestartPreventExitStatus=23

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target


$ systemctl daemon-reload


$ systemctl enable --now geth
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/geth.service → /etc/systemd/system/geth.service.


$ systemctl status geth
● geth.service - Geth
     Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/geth.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
     Active: active (running) since Wed 2020-10-14 09:19:23 UTC; 3s ago
   Main PID: 3231 (sh)
      Tasks: 10 (limit: 4713)
     Memory: 39.6M
     CGroup: /system.slice/geth.service
             ├─3231 /bin/sh -c /usr/bin/geth --nousb --identity "mychain1" --networkid 9 --datadir /usr/local/etc/geth --cache 2048 --allow-insecure-unlock --http --http.addr 0.0.0.0 --http.port 23456 --http.api admin,debug,web3,eth,txpool,person
al,ethash,miner,net --http.corsdomain "*" >> /usr/local/etc/geth/geth.log 2>&1
             └─3232 /usr/bin/geth --nousb --identity mychain1 --networkid 9 --datadir /usr/local/etc/geth --cache 2048 --allow-insecure-unlock --http --http.addr 0.0.0.0 --http.port 23456 --http.api admin,debug,web3,eth,txpool,personal,ethash,min
er,net --http.corsdomain *
Oct 14 09:19:23 geth systemd[1]: Started Geth.


$ tail -f /usr/local/etc/geth/geth.log

如果你开启了Firewalld服务，还需要开放23456端口以供外部访问

$ firewall-cmd --add-port=23456/tcp --permanent
success
$ firewall-cmd --reload
success

基本操作

在接下来的操作中，我们将在客户端通过Web3.py于与以太坊进行交互，Web3.py是用于与以太坊进行交互的Python库

$ pip3 install web3


$ python3

创建连接

>>> from web3 import Web3
>>> web3 = Web3(Web3.HTTPProvider("<http://34.92.29.146:23456>", request_kwargs={'timeout': 60}))

是否连接

>>> web3.isConnected()
True

查看客户端版本

>>> web3.clientVersion
'Geth/mychain1/v1.9.22-stable-c71a7e26/linux-amd64/go1.15'

列出所有账户

>>> web3.eth.accounts
['0xD31F14a7C839d352FE3EBD8745a0868Be042fBEa']

创建账户，并返回账户地址

>>> web3.parity.personal.new_account('ansheng.me')
'0xAD606Fa02F3D66D749085B7f0D18Da3f85aC1f7F'
>>> web3.eth.accounts
['0xD31F14a7C839d352FE3EBD8745a0868Be042fBEa', '0xAD606Fa02F3D66D749085B7f0D18Da3f85aC1f7F']

查看账户余额

>>> for address in web3.eth.accounts: print(address, web3.eth.getBalance(address))
...
0xD31F14a7C839d352FE3EBD8745a0868Be042fBEa 1000000000000000000000000
0xAD606Fa02F3D66D749085B7f0D18Da3f85aC1f7F 0

开始挖矿，1表示启用的线程数

>>> web3.geth.miner.start(1)

开始挖矿之后我们需要查看日志，直到出现以下内容才表示矿机已经开始工作，如果矿机不工作，下面的转账等操作都是无法进行的，我这里用了6分35秒，时间还是挺久的

$ tail -f /usr/local/etc/geth/geth.log
······
INFO [10-14|08:34:01.829] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=0 percentage=99 elapsed=6m35.928s
INFO [10-14|08:34:01.832] Generated ethash verification cache      epoch=0 elapsed=6m35.931s
INFO [10-14|08:34:03.645] Successfully sealed new block            number=1 sealhash="286785…cb4fda" hash="383e18…dfadb5" elapsed=6m38.496s
INFO [10-14|08:34:03.645] 🔨 mined potential block                  number=1 hash="383e18…dfadb5"
INFO [10-14|08:34:03.646] Commit new mining work                   number=2 sealhash="be3fbb…d5a1f4" uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed="166.792µs"
······

解锁account，如果要进行交易操作，我们必须解锁account，否则无法进行交易，web3.eth.coinbase是预设余额的账户

>>> web3.eth.coinbase
'0xD31F14a7C839d352FE3EBD8745a0868Be042fBEa'
>>> web3.geth.personal.unlock_account(web3.eth.coinbase, 'ansheng.me', 600) # （地址, 密码, 解锁时长）
True

估算一笔交易需要多少gas

>>> web3.eth.estimateGas({'to': '0xAD606Fa02F3D66D749085B7f0D18Da3f85aC1f7F','from': web3.eth.coinbase,'value': 100})
21000

进行转账，返回一个交易ID

>>> web3.eth.sendTransaction({'to': '0xAD606Fa02F3D66D749085B7f0D18Da3f85aC1f7F','from': web3.eth.coinbase,'value': 100})
HexBytes('0x87967cc25217c145e40a11818544d576365fbac944f16e42b2ee75280163f2d7')

查看交易信息，如果发现blockHash为None，有可能是矿机还没有启动或者矿机还没有处理，等待一下在查询即可

>>> web3.eth.getTransaction('0x87967cc25217c145e40a11818544d576365fbac944f16e42b2ee75280163f2d7')
AttributeDict({'blockHash': HexBytes('0x7e40f68be09961e6ea2767c291b5fccfbdc6de5dae5ee32593b61cdfe6d43613'), 'blockNumber': 30, 'from': '0xD31F14a7C839d352FE3EBD8745a0868Be042fBEa', 'gas': 121000, 'gasPrice': 1000000000, 'hash': HexBytes('0x87967cc25217c145e40a11818544d576365fbac944f16e42b2ee75280163f2d7'), 'input': '0x', 'nonce': 1, 'to': '0xAD606Fa02F3D66D749085B7f0D18Da3f85aC1f7F', 'transactionIndex': 0, 'value': 100, 'v': 53, 'r': HexBytes('0x78b85a707c1174e8bd6bb92f8f8a08aaa3d05df62d83fef4c424548fb841a160'), 's': HexBytes('0x1db825aae194940277335c113336cd8f27ef8b9a83cd705cbb27460e681b6757')})

查看收据

>>> web3.eth.getTransactionReceipt('0x87967cc25217c145e40a11818544d576365fbac944f16e42b2ee75280163f2d7')
AttributeDict({'blockHash': HexBytes('0x7e40f68be09961e6ea2767c291b5fccfbdc6de5dae5ee32593b61cdfe6d43613'), 'blockNumber': 30, 'contractAddress': None, 'cumulativeGasUsed': 21000, 'from': '0xD31F14a7C839d352FE3EBD8745a0868Be042fBEa', 'gasUsed': 21000, 'logs': [], 'logsBloom': HexBytes('0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'), 'status': 1, 'to': '0xAD606Fa02F3D66D749085B7f0D18Da3f85aC1f7F', 'transactionHash': HexBytes('0x87967cc25217c145e40a11818544d576365fbac944f16e42b2ee75280163f2d7'), 'transactionIndex': 0})

查询账户下面的交易笔数

>>> web3.eth.getTransactionCount('0xAD606Fa02F3D66D749085B7f0D18Da3f85aC1f7F')
0
>>> web3.eth.getTransactionCount(web3.eth.coinbase)
1

查看最新块编号

>>> web3.eth.blockNumber
76

查看某个区块信息

>>> web3.eth.getBlock(70)
AttributeDict({'difficulty': 133575, 'extraData': HexBytes('0xd683010916846765746886676f312e3135856c696e7578'), 'gasLimit': 3363639, 'gasUsed': 0, 'hash': HexBytes('0x89ca2885f01d1d60114784cbb7e60c98992bfd53a4fb2994554523f6507408bd'), 'logsBloom': HexBytes('0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'), 'miner': '0xD31F14a7C839d352FE3EBD8745a0868Be042fBEa', 'mixHash': HexBytes('0xda2bba8feeda0d8ecb77c003efd0064c43712bb8d2b8aa962a4cb3823c6e8bf0'), 'nonce': HexBytes('0x3c6269471b595232'), 'number': 70, 'parentHash': HexBytes('0xf20363ee879612c43cf7730e0ba8d98360401288ea000f056037b21593e2c881'), 'receiptsRoot': HexBytes('0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421'), 'sha3Uncles': HexBytes('0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347'), 'size': 534, 'stateRoot': HexBytes('0x66a24b0a9a45905371a4ae5dd9f13531a8a45c02fdef848a0e756204abc816e5'), 'timestamp': 1602668396, 'totalDifficulty': 9360476, 'transactions': [], 'transactionsRoot': HexBytes('0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421'), 'uncles': []})

若要查询最近的一个区块信息，可以通过以下方式

>>> web3.eth.getBlock('latest')

检查账户余额，因为矿机一直在工作，所以0xD31F14a7C839d352FE3EBD8745a0868Be042fBEa账户余额会增加

>>> for address in web3.eth.accounts: print(address, web3.eth.getBalance(address))
...
0xD31F14a7C839d352FE3EBD8745a0868Be042fBEa 1000195999999999999999800
0xAD606Fa02F3D66D749085B7f0D18Da3f85aC1f7F 100

停止挖矿

>>> web3.geth.miner.stop()